Denryaku: Shōtoku 2 {1098} 2.3

承徳二年二月二日 Shōtoku 2 {1098} 2.3
Translated by Niels van der Salm

Tadazane's daughter Taishi's hair is cut. Courtiers come to express gratitude to Tadazane.

Third day. Mizunoe uma. 1 Clear weather. I did not go out. Around the Hour of the Monkey (3–5 p.m.) Young Lady [Taishi's] 2 hair was cut. 3

After that, the Viceroy’s son, middle captain 4 [Fujiwara no Iemasa], 5 visited me to convey his gratitude. 6 The superintendent's son, junior captain 7 [Fujiwara no] Sanetaka, 8 and assistant commander of the [Gate Guards] 9 [Fujiwara no] Saneyuki, 10 accompanied him and likewise expressed their gratitude. Together, we chatted, and we made conversation.

  1. The nineteenth day in the cyclical cycle. ↩

  1. Fujiwara no Taishi 藤原泰子 (alternatively Fujiwara no Yasuko, 1095–1155) was Tadazane's third daughter, born of Minamoto no Shishi 源師子, daughter of the Minister of the Right Minamoto no Akifusa 源顕房. She would become the queen-consort to retired monarch Toba in 1134, and is often referred to as Kaya-no-in 高陽院 (国史大辞典). ↩

  1. It is possible that this refers to one of the ceremonial moments where a young child's hair was cut, known as kamisogi 髪削. Whereas the regular age for boys to be thus given their ceremonial haircut was the age of five, girls would undergo the ceremony at age four (日本国語大辞典). Since Taishi was born in 1095, she would be considered four years old this year by the traditional count: 1 year old (or: the first year of life) at birth, and one additional year for each subsequent New Year. It is not made explicit who did the actual cutting, though like with the capping ceremony (genpuku or uikōburi 元服) it is not impossible that this was considered the task (or privilege) of high-ranking individuals—possibly even Tadazane himself. ↩

  1. The post of middle captain (chūjō 中将) was, alongside that of junior captain (shōshō 少将), was one of the adjunct positions with Palace Bodyguards (konoe-fu 近衛府). The post of middle captain was considered appropriate for fourth-rankers and below, but the post was also regularly awarded to courtiers of the third rank who were already members of the Council of State. This does not seem to be the case for Iemasa, however, whose name is not encountered in Kugyō bunin for Shōtoku 2 (1098). ↩

  1. Although Fujiwara no Iemasa 藤原家政 was apparrently not important enough to warrant an entry in Kokushi daijiten or Nihon jinmei daijiten, he is in fact found in Sonpi bunmyaku as the second son of Fujiwara no Moromichi 藤原師通 (who was the actual Viceroy at this point) making Iemasa and Tadazane half-brothers (Sonpi bunmyaku, vol. 1, 9, 55–56 in the 1903–1904 Yoshikawa Kōbunkan edition). ↩

  1. It is to be assumed that this act of conveying gratitude—the character 慶 used carries celebratory overtones—should be interpreted as Iemasa acknowledging that Tadazane helped him secure some fortuitous result, such as the appointment to a post. This interpretation may be extended to the other two individuals who joined Iemasa in conveying gratitude. ↩

  1. See above, in the note on the post of middle captain. Given that Iemasa is accompanied by two members of the guards—both this junior captain and the assistant commander of the Gate Guards—their appearance together might suggest that Iemasa's accompaniment was chosen not only on grounds of personal affiliation (Sanetaka and Saneyuki were full brothers, as is stated in Sonpi bunmyaku, vol. 6, 20), but perhaps also due to considerations of a more official nature. ↩

  1. Like Iemasa, Fujiwara no Sanetaka 藤原実隆 did not earn his own entry in Kokushi daijiten or Nihon jinmei daijiten, but Sonpi bunmyaku (vol. 6, 8) lists a Sanetaka as son of Fujiwara no Kinzane 藤原公実, who had a second son named Saneyuki (see below). Kinzane is also encountered in the previous entry (1098/2/2) as "the superintendent." According to Kugyō bunin, Kinzane was the head of the Royal Police (kebiishi 検非違使). Sanetaka would end his career as Middle Councilor, but it is unclear which rank he held at this point in time. As a junior captain, however, who were typically appointed from among the fifth-rankers or below (日本国語大辞典), he was at this stage not counted among the senior nobles yet, a fact that can be corroborated via Kugyō bunin. ↩

  1. The manuscript has hyōe no suke 兵衛佐, but the editors suggest that this may be a mistake for emon no suke 衛門佐, which we follow here. The hyōe 兵衛 (palace guard) was one of the original guards divisions in the Ritsuryō system, but its significance waned in the wake of re-organisations of the guards that came into effect towards the end of the eighth century (国史大辞典). One of these was the introduction of the konoe 近衛 (palace bodyguards), which might explain the editors' choice to amend the text. Suke was the title of any of a number of adjunct positions in the court's offices, with the character 佐 used specifically in military contexts, viz. for the vice-heads of both hyōe and emon. ↩

  1. Unlike his two companions, Fujiwara no Saneyuki 藤原実行 (1080–1162) is a more well-established name in the annals of Heian history, ending his career at the first rank and occupying the post of Head of Council of State (daijō daijin 太政大臣). At this stage, however—he was only 19 years old by traditional count—his status was still rather insignificant, and he would not be counted among the senior nobles for another seventeen years. ↩

Original text 原文
三日、壬午、天晴、不出行、申時許芟姫君［藤原泰子］御髪、次関白殿中将［藤原家政］為慶所来也、別当息少将実隆・兵衛〔衛門〕佐［藤原］実行等相伴、同申慶、相逢言談、為会釈也、

Kundoku 訓読
三日、壬午みづのえうま、天晴れ。出行しゅっこうせず。

申さるの時ばかり姫君ひめぎみ［藤原泰子ふぢはらのたいし］の御髪みぐしを芟かる。

次に関白殿かんぱくどのの中将ちうじやう［藤原家政ふぢはらのいへまさ］、慶よろこびの為に来たる所なり。別当の息そく、少将せうしやう［藤原］実隆さねたか・兵衛ひょうえ〔衛門えもん〕の佐すけ［藤原］実行さねゆきら相あひ伴ともに、同おなじく慶びを申す。相逢あひて言談げんだんす。会釈ゑしやくと為すなり。

Denryaku: Shōtoku 2 {1098} 2.2

承徳二年二月二日 Shōtoku 2 {1098} 2.2
Translated by Niels van der Salm

Morozane, Moromichi, and Tadazane go to Uji for Yorimichi’s memorial service.

Second day. Kanoto mi. 1 Clear weather. During the Hour of the Dragon {7–9 a.m.}, Ōtono 2 [Fujiwara no Morozane] 3 set out for Uji. 4 Lord Viceroy 5 [Fujiwara no Moromichi] 6 likewise went there. As for the accompanying senior nobles, Minister of Civil Affairs 7 [Minamoto no Toshiaki] 8 and myself were among the entourage of Ōtono. The superintendent 9 Fujiwara no Kinzane, 10 the middle councilor of second rank 11 [Fujiwara no Tsunezane], 12 and the senior controller of the left 13 [Fujiwara no Suenaka] 14 were in the entourage of the Lord Viceroy. Around the Hour of the Snake {9–11 a.m.} {the Viceroy} made his appearance. 15 A short while later, the head (taifu) of the Queen-Consort's 16 Household [Minamoto no Morotada] 17 and the lecturer-reader Kengō arrived. 18

On the [back] it states: "During the Hour of the Ram {1–3 p.m.}, the ceremony was concluded. Shortly afterwards returned home. Around the Hour of the Dog {7–9 p.m.} I returned to the Kyōgoku Residence. 19

Around the Hour of the Rat {11 p.m.–1 a.m.} there was a fire. 20 It was the house of Sir [Takashina no] Tameaki 21 on {the intersection of} Second Avenue 22 and Oil Street. 23

  1. The eighteenth day of the cycle. ↩

  1. Tadazane uses the term Ōtono to refer to his grandfather. Technically used to refer to ministers (daijin 大臣), the term—which literally parses as Grand Lord—is also used by heirs to refer to the head of their household (Nihon kokugo daijiten s.v. おおとの ad 2.2) and carries affectionate overtones, such as in The Tale of Genji where a distinction is made between minister and Ōtono to reflect Genji's (or the reader's) proximity to the Minister. See Royall Tyler, The Tale of Genji (Penguin Classics, 2001), 1164, quoted in the Glossary of Historical Terms. ↩

  1. Fujiwara no Morozane (1042–1101), Tadazane's grandfather. ↩

  1. Uji, a short distance south of Kyoto on the main road to the old capital at Nara, had been particularly associated with the Fujiwara clan since the time of Fujiwara no Michinaga 藤原道長 (966–1027), and is the site where the famous Fujiwara villa-repurposed-as-temple known as Byōdōin 平等院 is situated. This temple, which was instituted by Michinaga's son Fujiwara no Yorimichi 藤原頼通 (992–1074) in 1052, is where the Denryaku editors assume the party are headed. Yorimichi, who was Morozane's father, passed away on the 2nd day of the 2nd month: Morozane, Moromichi, and Tadazane are thus most likely attending some sort of memorial service at Byōdōin (国史大辞典, and compare 大日本史料, vol. 3.5, 34–5). ↩

  1. Representing the original term kanpaku 関白, the Viceroy was a kind of acting head of state who during this time in Heian court history led the Heian government in the sovereign's stead. Contrasting to the sesshō 摂政 or Regent (who ruled on behalf of the sovereign when he was a minor), the kanpaku was acting head of state to an adult sovereign. The current sovereign was Horikawa Tennō 堀河天皇 (1079–1107), who at this point was 20 years old (inclusive counting). ↩

  1. Fujiwara no Moromichi (1062–1099), Tadazane's father. ↩

  1. The Minister of Civil Affairs (minbukyō 民部卿) oversaw the affairs of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, one of the eight government ministries under the Ritsuryō Code system. The Ministry of Civil Affairs was tasked with the civil administration of provincial affairs, and the provinces providing the main source of income for the court as well as court finances. For details about the structure about the Heian court bureaucracy, see the Memo on Late Heian Bureaucracy by Professor Onoe Yōsuke 尾上陽介 (Tokyo Historiographical Institute). ↩

  1. Minamoto no Toshiaki (alt. Toshiakira, 1044–1114) was a high-ranking courtier, who had been on the Council of State since 1075. Toshiaki was a close associate of Tadazane, and would play a significant role in the power struggle surrounding the accession of Toba Tennō 鳥羽天皇 by arranging to deny Fujiwara no Kinzane the position of Regent (sesshō). On Fujiwara no Kinzane, see the note below. (国史大辞典, 日本人名大辞典) ↩

  1. The function of bettō was generally that of head or supervisor; various institutions were led by supervisors that were labelled bettō. Often they would be court-appointed superintendents at a temple or shrine, but the term was also applied to the head of the Royal Police (kebiishi 検非違使), the supervisor of large aristocratic households, and of shōen estates, among other functions. (日本国語大辞典). According to Kugyō bunin 公卿補任, the bettō post held by Kinzane was that of Head of the Royal Police. ↩

  1. Fujiwara no Kinzane (1053–1107) was a high-ranking courtier, who had been on the Council of State since 1080. As uncle to Toba Tennō 鳥羽天皇 Kinzane would get on less than cordial terms with Tadazane around the time of the new sovereign's accession, but it is unclear whether the relationship between Tadazane and his immediate relatives was already cool at this time. ↩

  1. Middle Councillor (chūnagon 中納言) was one of the posts on the Council of State. At this moment in time, six people held the position of Middle Councillor at the Second Rank, with an additional three individuals at Third Rank (公卿補任). The Denryaku editors assume this Middle Councillor to refer to Fujiwara no Tsunezane. ↩

  1. Fujiwara no Tsunezane (1068?–1131?) was a high-ranking courtier, who held a post on the Council of State as Middle Councillor. Unlike the other second rank middle councillors, he did not occupy any simultaneous posts at this moment, making him the most likely candidate for this identification (see 公卿補任). Not much seems to be known about Tsunezane's affiliations. ↩

  1. Controllers (benkan 弁官) were responsible for the communication between the Council of State and the various ministries and offices of the Ritsuryō State. There were two Controller's Offices (Left and Right), with the Left Controller's office responsible for the crucial "left" Ministries: Residential Palace Affairs, Personnel, Civil Affairs, Popular Affairs. For details, see the Memo on Late Heian Bureaucracy by professor Onoe Yōsuke 尾上陽介 (Tokyo Historiographical Institute). ↩

  1. Fujiwara no Suenaka (1046–1119) was a high-ranking courtier, who held a post on the Council of State as Junior Councillor (国史大辞典). Additionally, alongside holding a number of other key posts, he oversaw construction works at the Fujiwara family temple at Kōfukuji, suggesting his high standing within the Fujiwara clan (公卿補任). ↩

  1. This phrase renders the original owashitsuku 御座着, which is a very uncommon phrase that appears only once in the entire Denryaku diary and is not found in any of the other texts that are currently searchable through the Kokiroku Full Text Database 古記録フルテキストデータベース (22 July, 2022). Professor Onoe Yōsuke suggests that the expression may reflect the fact that the young Tadazane at this stage may still have been quite unfamiliar with the composition of kambun, resulting in occasional unorthodox formulations such as these. Similarly, the inversion of subject and verb in the following 頃之被参中宮大夫 may be glossed, in accordance with the word order, as 参らるるは、中宮の大夫, but was more likely intended as 中宮の大夫参らる. ↩

  1. The current Queen-Consort (chūgū 中宮) is Tokushi, princess of the blood (Tokushi or Atsuko naishinnō 篤子内親王). She was the principal consort of the current sovereign, Horikawa Tennō 堀河天皇 (日本人名大辞典). ↩

  1. Minamoto no Morotada (1054–1114) was a high-ranking courtier, who held a post on the Council of State Provisional Senior Councillor (gon dainagon 権大納言). Holding senior second rank he was the third in rank after the Viceroy Fujiwara no Moromichi and Minister of the Left Minamoto no Toshifusa (公卿補任). ↩

  1. Kengō was the name of a lecturer, the person in charge of the ceremony attended by these nobles in Uji. Although no mention is made of a memorial service, as noted above, the lecture was most likely in commemoration of the passing of Tadazane's great-grandfather Yorimichi. ↩

  1. The location of the Kyōgoku residence is unclear, although it was likely on the Higashi Kyōgoku Ōji 東京極大路, which glosses as the East Capital's Outernmost Street, representing the easternmost north-west street on the capital's original checkerboard layout. ↩

  1. This event is also recorded in Chūyūki (see 大日本史料 3.5, 34). ↩

  1. Takashina no Tameaki (1059–1103) was a lower-ranking courtier who mainly held posts as a provincial governor (zuryō 受領). Chūyūki mentions that at the time of the fire, Tameaki held the post of governor or Tanba province 丹波國, just west of the capital. ↩

  1. The Avenues were large east-west thoroughfares, counted from First Avenue at the north boundary of the capital's original checkerboard layout, through to Ninth Avenue at the southern boundary. Second Avenue passed in front of the Suzaku Gate, the main gate to the palace compound. Chūyūki in fact mentions the fire's proximity to the palace (岩波日本史辞典 maps). ↩

  1. Oil Street (Abura kōji) was one of the north-south streets. It is the third kōji street east of the palace compound, meaning that Tameaki's house would have been close to the palace and located in an area dotted with major residences. Tadazane probably took special note of this event because of the danger implied by this fire, rather than the importance of Tameaki. ↩

Original text 原文

二日、辛巳、天晴、辰時大殿[藤原師実]令参於宇治給、関白殿[藤原師通]同参給、御共公卿、民部［卿］［源俊明］・予在大殿御共、別当［藤原公実］・二位中納言［藤原経実］・左大弁［藤原季仲］、関白殿御共也、巳刻許御坐着、頃之被参中宮大夫［源師忠］、講師賢豪、書［裏］云、未刻事了、頃之還御、戌時許帰京極殿、子刻許有火事、二条油小路為章［高階］朝臣家也、

Kundoku 訓読
二日、辛巳かのとのみ、天晴れ。

辰たつの時、大殿おほとの［藤原師実ふぢはらのもろざね］、宇治うぢに参まゐらしめ給たまふ。関白殿かんぱくどの［藤原師通ふぢはらのもろみち］、同じく参り給ふ。御共おともの公卿くぎやうは、民部［卿］みんぶきやう［源俊明みなもとのとしあき］・予、大殿の御共に在り。別当べつたう［藤原公実ふぢはらのきんざね］・二位中納言にゐのちうなごん［藤原経実ふぢはらのつねざね］・左大弁さだいべん［藤原季仲ふぢはらのすゑなか］は、関白殿の御共なり。巳みの刻ばかりに御坐おはしに着つく。頃之しばらくして参らるるは、中宮ちうぐうの大夫だいぶ［源師忠みなもとのもろただ］。講師かうじは賢豪けんごう。

書しよ［裏うら］に云はく、未ひつじの刻、事了をはりぬ。頃之還御かんぎょす。戌いぬの時ばかりに京極殿きやうごくどのに帰る。

子ねの刻ばかりに火事有り。二条にでう、油小路あぶらこうぢの［高階たかしな］為章ためあき朝臣の家なり。

Denryaku: Shōtoku 2 {1098} 1.28

承徳二年正月二十八日 Shōtoku 2 {1098} 1.28
Translated by Joan Piggott

Twenty-eighth day, Hinoto ushi. 1 It was a clear day. During the Hour of the Rabbit [5-7 a.m.] the Ceremony for Assigning Posts ended [and I] withdrew. After that I went to Kitadono. 2

  1. Fourteenth day of the sexagenary cycle. ↩

  1. Who was at this North Mansion is not clear. Tadazane visits it rather frequently. ↩

Original Text 原文
廿八日、丁丑、天晴、卯時除目了〔畢〕退出、其次参北殿、

Kundoku 訓読
廿八日、丁丑ひのとしのうし、天てん晴はれ。卯時うのとき除目じもくおわりて退出たいしゅつす。其その次つぎ北殿きたどのに参る。

Denryaku: Shōtoku 2 {1098} 1.27

承徳二年正月二十七日 Shōtoku 2 {1098} 1.27
Translated by Joan Piggott

Twenty-seventh day. Hinoe ne. 1 Weather was clear. The Ceremony for Assigning Posts (jimoku) [was held]. Around the Hour of the Rabbit [5-7AM] I went to the Ōidono since Ôdono [Fujiwara no Morozane] was there. Last night there was a fire at the palace. It started from a hibachi. I heard that people put it out. Then around the Hour of the Horse [11-1PM] Lord Viceroy [Fujiwara no Moromichi] arrived. He left after a bit. Around the Hour of the Dog [7-9PM] I went to the royal palace [Kayanoin] with four outriders. 2 [After] walking a bit I entered through the guard post room (jin) of the Left Gate Guards. First I went to my quarters (onchokuro). Then I went to a discussion of the senior nobles (jinnoza). Then I went before His Majesty (gozen no za) as usual.

  1. Thirteenth day of the sexagenary cycle. ↩

  1. Kayanoin was then the town palace (satodairi) of Horikawa Tennō. ↩

Original Text 原文

廿七日、丙子、〔天〕晴、除目也、卯時許参大炊殿、依大殿（藤原師実）御座也、去夜御所有失火、火桶火也、人人消之云々、次午刻許関白殿参給、頃之出御、戌刻許参内（賀陽院皇居）、前駈四人、歩行入自左衛門陣、先参関白御直廬、次着陣座、次参着御前座如常、

Kundoku 訓読
廿七日、丙子ひのえね、〔天てん〕晴はれ。除目じもくなり。卯時うのとき許ばかり大炊殿おおいどのに参る。大殿おおどの[藤原師実ふじわらのもろざね]御座おわすによるなり。去さんぬる夜よる御所ごしょ　に失火しっかある。火は桶おけの火なり。人人ひとびと消しょうすと云々うんうん。次つぎに午刻うまのこく許ばかり関白殿かんぱくどの参り給たまう。しばらくして出御しゅつぎょうす。戌刻いぬのこく許ばかり参内さんだいす[賀陽院皇居かやのいんこうきょ]。前駈ぜんく四人なり。歩行ほうぎょうして左衛門陣さえもんのじんなりよりいることなり。先さきに関白かんぱくの御直廬おんちょくろに参る。次つぎに陣座じんのざに着ちゃくす。次つぎに御前座ごぜんのざに参着さんちゃくし、常つねの如ごとし。

Denryaku: Shōtoku 2 {1098} 1.2

承徳二年正月二日 Shōtoku 2 {1098}.1.2
Translated by Joan Piggott

Second day, Kanoto i. 1 It was a clear day. At the Hour of the Rooster [5-7] I put on my everyday clothes and cap. I went to see Lord Viceroy [Fujiwara no Moromichi]. {I had} two outriders wearing abbreviated formal dress (ikan), [Fujiwara no] Nagazane and [Minamoto no] Morotaka. I rode in Middle Captain (chūjō) {Fujiwara no} Tadanori’s cart—we rode together. Junior Counselor Saneaki was with us. I withdrew when the greetings finished.

  1. Forty-eighth day of the sexegenery cycle. ↩

Original Text 原文
二日、辛亥、天晴、酉刻許着直衣・冠、参関白殿（藤原師通）、前駈衣冠二人、永実（藤原）・師隆（源）、乗中将忠教（藤原) 之車同車、共人少納言実明、見参了退出、
Kundoku 訓読
二日、辛亥しんがい。天てん晴はれ。酉刻とりのこく許ばかり直衣のうし・冠かんを着ちゃくす。関白殿かんぱくどの藤原師通ふじわらのもろみちに参る。前駈ぜんく衣冠いかん二人、永実ながざね藤原・師隆もろかた源、中将ちゅうじょう忠教ただのり藤原 之車くるまに乗り同車どうしゃす。共ともの人少納言しょうなごん実明さねあき。見参けざんおわりて退出たいしゅつす。