Tsuikahô 737: On hawking

Translated by Dan Sherer and Emily Warren

As to the matter of Hawking: Even though we have repeatedly and strictly banned this, we hear reports that violations are common. Those who are discovered {hawking} will have a portion of their holdings confiscated. When there is a complaint between housemen (such as land stewards) the punishment will be {summarily} carried out without regard to the existence of animosity {between the reporter and the accused}. Next, as to hawking for shrine offerings, even on shrine holdings, ¹ this is strictly forbidden by anyone other than shrine priests. However, in the case of the heads of the Misayama festival and the Fifth Month Rite at the Suwa Shrine, ² as this is a special case, they are exempt from the ban when in the province of Shinano. In other provinces it is forbidden. Further, as to the selling of {hawks}, it is as above. Order the Board of Retainers to diligently inform the military governors of this. Next, as to keeping hawks in Kamakura, ³ this is forbidden, as above. ⁴

Original Text 原文

一　鷹狩事

　度々厳制之処、普違犯之由有其聞、令露顕之輩者、可被分召所領也、且不謂敵対之

　有無、地頭御家人相互就差申之、可有其沙汰、次供祭鷹事、雖為神領、社司之外、

　固可停止之、但諏方社御射山五月会頭人事、異于他之間、於信濃国者非制之限、至

　他国者可禁制之、次売買在所事、同前、且厳密可相触諸国守護人之旨、可被仰沙汰

　侍所、次鎌倉中繋鷹事、可停止之由、同前、

Kundoku 訓読

訓読 一　鷹狩たかがりの事 　度々厳制げんせいの処、普あまねく違犯いはんの由、其の聞こえあり。露顕ろけんせしむるの輩は、所領を分かち召さるべきなり。且かつがつ敵対てきたいの有無うむを謂いわず、地頭・御家人　相互そうごにこれを差し申すに就つき、其の沙汰あるべし。次ついで供祭ぐさいの鷹の事、神領しんりょうたりといえども、社司しゃしの外、固くこれを停止ちょうじすべし。但し諏方社すわしゃ・御射山みさやま・五月会さつきえ頭人とうにんの事、他に異るの間、信濃の国においては、制の限かぎりにあらず。他の国にいたりては、これを禁制すべし。次売買ばいばい在所ざいしょの事、同前どうぜん、且厳密げんみつに諸国の守護人に相触あいふれるべきの旨、侍所さむらいどころに仰沙汰おおせざたせららるべし。次鎌倉中鷹を繋ぐ事、停止すべきの由、同前、

Modern 現代語

一、鷹狩の事

何回も厳しく鷹狩を禁制したが、違犯が広くあるそうである。もし、この違犯が見つかったら、その者の所領の一部分が没収されるべきである。{地頭ら御家人が}敵対関係にあるかどうかを問わず、御家人が他の御家人{の鷹狩りの違反}を訴えた場合、すぐ罰するべきである。また、供祭のための鷹狩の事について、神社の所領内でも、神職以外の人は鷹狩する事が禁止される。但し、諏訪大社の御射山祭りと五月会の頭人は特別であるので、頭人の鷹狩は信濃国以内なら禁止に含まれていない。ほかの国では、禁止されるべきである。また、鷹を売る事、上記のように禁止すべきである。侍所に命じて、厳密に諸国の守護人に知らせるように。また、鎌倉中で鷹を飼う事は上記のように禁止すべきである。

1. Hawks could be used to catch offerings for shrines, or what was caught could be sold to get shrine offerings. ↩

1. Suwa Shrine festivals were connected with hunting and associated deities. ↩

1. Literally, “the tying of hawks” because a cord attached to the hawk’s leg was wrapped around a bar where it rested. ↩

1. This entry seems to be a clarification of an earlier law (see #251) where shrine priests were permitted to do hawking. Now, this later law has clarified that only these priests in this location can hawk to supply certain rites. ↩

Tsuikahô 736: On kidnapping and selling people

Translated by Kaitlin Forgash

Item: Regarding kidnappers and selling people

As for the aforementioned people, they shall be punished for their crimes in accordance with the royal law. However, it is said that in the markets of Kamakura and the various provinces there are many who specialize in this business. In the various provinces, order the military governors and stewards to punish {them} without fail. In Kamakura, they should be branded on the face.

Original Text 原文

一　勾引人、々売事

　件族、任本条可処罪科也、而鎌倉中并諸国市廛間、多有専此業之輩云々、至諸国者、仰守護地頭等、慥可断罪、於鎌倉中者、可被捺火印於其面、

Kundoku 訓読

一　勾引人ひとかどい、人売ひとうりの事 　件の族やから、本条ほんじょうにまかせ罪科ざいかに処しょすべき也。しかるに鎌倉中并びに諸国市廛してんの間、多く此の業なりわいを専もっぱらとする輩ともがらありと云々、諸国に至いたりて者、守護しゅご・地頭じとう等に仰せ、慥たしかに断罪だんざいすべき、鎌倉中においては、火印かいんを其の面おもてに捺おせらるべし、

Modern 現代語訳

ー　誘拐（ゆうかい）と人を売るものについて

上記のような者達は朝廷の法にしたがい、罪を罰するべきだ。しかし、人を売買することを専門とする業者は、鎌倉中や諸国の市場に多いという。諸国については、守護や地頭に命じて、たしかに罰するべきだ。鎌倉中においては、その人の顔に焼印を押すように。

Tsuikahô 570: On temple donations

Translated by Sachiko Kawai and Matthew Keller

[Kōan 7 (1285), 11th month, 27th day] Item: Concerning the repair of the various temples in Kamakura and land holding ¹ donations {for the temples} It has been reported that although the five Boards of Co-adjudicators ² were earlier ordered {by the Board of Councilors} ³ to deliver a decision {on the above matters}, they have not. As for the repairs, the heads {of the Boards of Co-adjudicators} are to investigate, and diligently report the situation. Inform all that when there is only minor damage, it is the responsibility of the {temple} directors to take care of the repairs. As to the matter of land holdings, quickly report the decision. Next, as for the Hokkedō, ⁴ so that {the head of} the fifth {Board of Co-adjudicators} ⁵ may attain merit through the repair of the hall, he is to be in charge of its repair. Additionally, the same will be done for the Shin Shakadō. ⁶ As for {the remainder of} Daijiji, ⁷ the repairs will be managed by the third Board of Co-adjudicators.

Original Text 原文

一　鎌倉中諸堂修理并寄進所領事　　〈弘安七　十一　廿七〉

　五方引付可申沙汰之由、先日被仰下之処、無沙汰云々、修理事者、頭人加見知、厳

　密可注申、小破所々為別当之沙汰可修理之由、可相触、所領事、急速可申沙汰、次

　法花堂事、為五番引付頭人奉行、修造営之功間、於五番可有沙汰、次新釈迦堂事、

　同前、大慈寺者、可為三番引付、

Kundoku 訓読

一　鎌倉中諸堂修理并びに寄進所領の事　　〈弘安七　十一　廿七〉 　五方引付ごほうひきつけ、申沙汰もうしざたすべきの由、先日、仰せ下さるるの処、無沙汰ぶさた、と云々。修理の事は、頭人とうにん、見知けんちを加え、厳密げんみつに注申ちゅうしんすべし。小破しょうはの所々ところどころ、別当べっとうの沙汰として修理すべきの由、相い触るべし。所領しょりょうの事、急速きっそくに申沙汰すべし。次いで、法花堂の事、五番引付頭人奉行として、造営の功こうを修しゅうするの間、五番に於て、沙汰有るべし。次いで、新の釈迦堂しんしゃかどうの事、同前どうぜんなり。大慈寺だいじじは、三番引付たるべし。

Modern 現代語訳

一　鎌倉中の諸堂の修理および｛寺に｝寄進された所領の事　　〈弘安七　十一　廿七〉

　五方引付に {当事者たちに} 決定したことを言い渡しなさいと、{評定衆（将軍）から} 先日命令をされたのに、まだそれがなされていない、ということである。修理の事は、{それぞれの引付の} 長官が実態を調査して、厳密に報告するようにということと、少し破損している箇所などは、｛寺の｝別当の担当として修理すべきであるということを、{寺に} 広く伝えるように。所領の事については、急速に判決を言い渡すように。次に、{頼朝の} 法花堂の事は、五番引付の長官の担当として、造営の功績を成し遂げたので、五番引付において、命令を伝えるように。また次に、{大慈寺の中の} 新釈迦堂の事についても、同様である。大慈寺{全体の部分} については、三番引付が命令を伝えるように

1. 寄進所領 kishin shoryō — this refers to the rights for the income from lands which were donated for the purpose of repairing individual temples. The important change here is that the income generated from these land holdings would now be given to the temples. ↩

1. The hiketsukeshū is a government office which has jurisdiction over lawsuits involving control of land. Established in 1249 with three Boards of Co-adjudicators, in 1252 the number of Boards was increased to five to help take care of lawsuits. ↩

1. While not explicitly stated in the document, it is the “Board of Councilors” (評定衆 hyōjōshū) which originally ordered the hiketsukeshū to deliberate and act on these matters. ↩

1. This Hokkedō refers to the temple built next to Minamoto no Yoritomo’s tomb to memorize his death. ↩

1. Antei Munekage 安達宗景, son of Antei Yasumori 安達泰盛. Funinbu 6, Kantō hyōjōden Gunsho ruijū, 群書類従「関東評定伝」 ↩

1. This Shakadō (Śākyamuni Hall) was established inside Daijiji in 1226 for the third death anniversary of Hōjō Yoshitoki. “Daijiji 大慈寺” in Nihon rekishi chimei daikei 日本歴史地名大系. ↩

1. This temple was established by the third shogun Minamoto Sanetomo (源実朝, 1191-1219) to venerate his father Yoritomo 源頼朝. According to the Azuma kagami, work was begun on the temple in 1212. In 1226, Hōjō Tokifusa (北条時房, 1175-1240) erected a three storied pagoda for the sake of his sister Masako (北条政子, 1157-1225), who was also the wife of Yoritomo. From that time onward, the temple seems to have been supported by the Hōjō. The aforementioned Shin Shakadō is within the Daijiji temple grounds, however for reasons unclear its maintenance is under the jurisdiction of the fifth Board of Co-adjudicators instead of the third. Nihon rekishi chimei daikei 日本歴史地名大系. ↩

Tsuikahô 428: On Building in the City

Translated by Chris Bovberg

(Bun’ei 2nd year (1265), 3rd month,) 5th day; kinoe inu. Townspeople’s houses shall be prohibited throughout Kamakura; nine locations shall be exempted. ¹ Further, digging up an avenue in front of one’s house to build an addition is similarly prohibited. ² Today, the land magistrate ³ Onozawa Fifth-ranked third-level manager of the Left Inner Palace Guard Initiate {Nakazane} was commanded to convey this to {the residents of} the various precincts. 　Regarding the permitted places for the construction of townspeople’s house One place: Ōmachi One place: Komachi One place: Uomachi One place: Kokumachi ⁴ One place: Musashi no Ōji no shita ⁵ One place: Sujikaebashi One place: Ōkura tsuji

Original Text 原文

　（文永二年三月）五日甲戌、鎌倉中被止散在町屋等、被免九ケ所、又掘上家前大路造屋、

　同被停止之、且可相触保々之旨、今日、所被仰付于地奉行人小野沢左近大夫入道也、

　　町御免所之事

　一所大町　一所小町　一所魚町　一所穀町　一所武蔵大路下　一所須地賀江橋　

　一所大倉辻

Kundoku 訓読

　（文永二年（１２６５）三月）五日甲戌きのえいぬ。鎌倉中散在さんざい町屋等を止められ、九ケ所を免ぜらる。又家の前の大路を掘り上げ屋を造ること、同じく之を停止せらる。且つ保々に相触るべき之旨、今日、地奉行人じぶぎょうにん小野沢左近大夫入道に仰せ付けらるる所也。 　　町御免所之事一所、大町　一所、小町　一所、魚町うおまち　一所、穀町こくまち　一所、武蔵大路下　 一所、須地賀江橋すじかえばし 一所、大倉辻

Modern 現代語訳

（１２６５年三月）五日。鎌倉中あちこちに立っている町家を禁止され、九ヵ所が許可された。また、家の前の大路を掘って家を拡大することが禁止された。今日は、これを諸保の一般人に伝えるようにと地奉行人の小野沢仲実に命令があった。

　町家を許可されている所々について

    大町、小町、魚町、穀町、武蔵大路下、須地賀江橋、大倉辻

1. Only seven places are listed here. ↩

1. Digging an avenue involved filling and diverting the drainage ditch (mizo) that ran parallel , diminishing the breadth of the avenue. These ditches varied in size and sophistication, with grander versions running along Wakamiya Avenue roughly three meters across, supported with wooden walls and crossbeams and traversed with short bridges. ↩

1. Land magistrates (jibugyōnin) served under the Board of Councilors, managing affairs related to the land of the city of Kamakura (e.g. houses, transportation etc). There were typically two land magistrates serving together. ↩

1. Most likely the same as Komemachi as seen in Tsuika-ho #272 ↩

1. Kamegayastu ↩

Tsuikahô 397: On Abandoning

Translated by Dan Sherer and Emily Warren

Item: Concerning the ban of the abandonment of the sick, orphans, and corpses on the road: When {a magistrate} discovers a sick person or orphan being abandoned on the roadside, they should stop it. In the event they are left there in secret, it is the precinct magistrate’s duty to send them to a hall of impermanence. ¹ When there are human as well as horse and oxen corpses {in the street}, they are to be taken away. Let this be known to the various precinct magistrates. Follow these strictly. They shall be enforced from the coming third month, twentieth day, and if there are violators, they should be punished. If magistrates are remiss in their duties and do not report {these crimes} they are to be punished as though they committed the same crime. So ordered. Kōchō 1st year (1261) , 2nd month, 20th day Governor of Musashi, Lord Taira (Hōjō Nagatoki) cypher Governor of Sagami, Lord Taira (Hōjō Masamura) cypher

Original Text

一　可禁制棄病者、孤子等、死屍等於路辺事

　病者、孤子等、令棄路頭之時、随見合殊可加禁制、若又偸有令棄置事者、為保々奉

　行人之沙汰、可令送無常堂、至死屍并牛馬骨肉者、可令取棄之、以此等之趣、可被

　仰保奉行人等也、

　以前条々、固守此旨、自来三月廿日、可加禁制也、若有違犯之輩者、可被行罪科、

　又奉行人無沙汰不注申者、同可被処其科之状如件、

　　　弘長元年二月廿日　　　　　　　　　　　　武蔵守平朝臣（北条長時）判

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　相模守平朝臣（北条政村）判

Kundoku 訓読

一　病者びょうしゃ、孤子こじ等、死屍しし等において路辺ろへんに棄すつるを禁制きんせいすべき事 病者、孤子等、路頭に棄てしむるの時、見合に随い殊に禁制を加うべし。若し又偸ひそかに　棄て置かしむる事あらば、保々の奉行人の沙汰として、無常堂むじょうどうに送らしむべし。死屍ならびに牛馬うしうま骨肉こつにくにいたりては、これを取り棄てしむべし。固く此の旨守り、来たる三月廿日より、禁制を加えるべきなり。若し違犯の輩あらば、罪科ざいか行かわわべし。又奉行人　無沙汰し注申ちゅうしんせざれば、同じく其の科に処しょさるべきの状、件の如し、 弘長元年二月廿日武蔵守平朝臣（北条長時）判相模守平朝臣（北条政村）判

Modern 現代語

一、病者・孤児・死体を道端に置き去りにする事を禁止すべき事。

病者・孤児らが道端に置き去りにされた時、その事を発見したら、禁止するように。もし、ひそかに置き去りにされたら、諸保の奉行人の義務としては無常堂へ送らせるべきである。死体や馬・牛の死体の場合は、（奉行人が）これを取り除いて、適当に処分すべきである。以上の事柄を諸保の奉行人に命じられるように。

以上の条々は厳密に守り、来る三月二十日から、実行するべきである。また、奉行人が怠けて、それぞれの罪を報告しなければ同じくその罪を犯したように扱うべきである。以上、命令する。

弘長元年（１２６１年）二月廿日　　　　　　　　

武蔵守平朝臣（北条長時）判

相模守平朝臣（北条政村）判

1. In this case, mujōdō refers to a place for the sick and dying, not so much a hospital for treatment. In Kamakura, Gokurakuji was famous as a hospice. The hospice building was located in the mountains beside the main complex. ↩